![]() Methods, strategies, and interpretation of measurement of peripartum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) as indicators of aspects of energy status and disease risk are reviewed. Methods of early detection include monitoring of disease and culling records, feed intake, milk production, body condition, and simple metabolic tests. ![]() Routine, proactive actions, observations, or analysis are intended to accurately and efficiently provide early detection of problems, to provide an opportunity for investigation and intervention in order to limit the consequences and costs of health problems and reduced animal performance or welfare. One-third of dairy cows may be affected by some form of metabolic or infectious disease in early lactation. Essentially all dairy cattle experience a period of insulin resistance, reduced feed intake, negative energy balance, hypocalcemia, reduced immune function, and bacterial contamination of the uterus soon before, or in the weeks after calving. This paper reviews the importance of energy metabolism in transition dairy cows, its associations with disease and reproduction, and strategies for monitoring cows under field conditions during this critical time. ![]()
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